Bahana International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies is a peer-reviewed, open-access online international journal concerning multidisciplinary issues. Bimonthly published by CV Bahana Fakta Gemilang, the journal serves as a means of relevant discussion that fall within its focus and scopes. Bahana International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies publishes a broad spectrum of articles across various disciplines. This includes, but is not limited to, the fields of Science & Technology (biology, chemistry, physics, computer technology, engineering (civil, mechanical, electrical), and artificial intelligence); Health & Medicine (clinical research, nursing, pharmacy, public health, psychology, neuroscience, and sport); Social Sciences & Humanities (sociology, anthropology, political science, economics, tourism, education, law, history, art/performing art, philosophy, linguistics, and religion/theology): Management & Commerce (finance, marketing, human resources, organizational behavior, and strategic management); Environmental & Applied Sciences (ecology, food science, and agriculture); also community development. All submitted manuscripts must be written in English.